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#1 The politics of inevitability is the idea that there are no alternatives. To accept this is to deny individual responsibility for seeing history and making change. It leads to economic inequality that undermines belief in progress, and as social mobility ceases, inevitability gives way to eternity.

#2 After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, American politicians proclaimed the end of history, while some Russians sought new authorities in an imperial past. When founded in 1922, the Soviet Union inherited most of the territory of the Russian Empire.

#3 The Russian political class followed Putin’s example, and his propaganda master Vladislav Surkov adapted Ilyin’s ideas to the world of modern media. Ilyin’s name was on the lips of the leaders of the fake opposition parties, the communists and the far-Right Liberal Democrats, who played a part in creating the simulacrum of democracy.

#4 Ilyin was a Russian philosopher who believed in the politics of the world to come. He was impressed by Adolf Hitler, and saw the Nazi leader as a defender of civilization from Bolshevism.

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