Mexico's Economic History: From Aztec Empire to Modern State

Mexico’s economic history is a fascinating journey shaped by diverse influences, from the ancient Aztec empire to the complexities of the modern global economy. Over the centuries, Mexico has experienced dramatic transformations, driven by conquests, colonial rule, revolutions, and economic policies that have defined its growth and challenges. Understanding the evolution of Mexico’s economy requires examining its foundations, the role of geography and natural resources, and the early trade networks that set the stage for future economic systems.

The foundations of Mexico’s economy date back to the indigenous civilizations that thrived long before the Spanish conquest. The Aztecs, in particular, established a sophisticated economic system based on agriculture, trade, and tribute collection. Markets flourished in major cities like Tenochtitlán, where goods from across Mesoamerica were exchanged. The Aztec economy was not just a local system but a well-organized network that connected distant regions, allowing the movement of resources such as cacao, textiles, and obsidian. This structure provided a strong economic base, but it also made the region vulnerable to external forces, particularly the arrival of the Spanish.

Geography and natural resources have played a crucial role in shaping Mexico’s economic development. The country’s vast landscapes include fertile valleys, mineral-rich mountains, and long coastlines, all of which have influenced economic activities throughout history. The presence of silver, for example, turned Mexico into one of the most important centers of global trade during the colonial period. However, while natural resources have been a source of wealth, they have also led to economic dependency and external exploitation, shaping Mexico’s economic struggles even in modern times.

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Release date

Audiobook: 29 March 2025